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Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Limnonectes

hikidai

Rivulet Frog

Limnonectes hikidai has for some time been confused with other taxa in the Genus (Matsui et al. 2014). Yet, the validity of the species is not fully corroborated (Matsui et al. 2024). It is a brown small to medium sized frog, around 31–37 mm (males) and 34–40 mm (females) in snout-vent length. The head is quite broad in males. At Kubah National Park, and probalby other sites in western Sarawak, L. hikidai is sympatric with L. kong and L. conspicillatus. Size, head shape, snout shape and skin structure can distinguish the three species in the field (compare photos), apart from measured characteristics and genetics that need a lab to analyze. 

L. hikidai is similar to other members of the "kuhlii" species complex in Limnonectes. The species are generally brown with variable hues and patterns, and the skin has a characteristic network pattern of skin ridges, often with tubercles particularly in the rear part of the body and the dorsal face of the tibia. However, the sympatric L. kong and L. conspicillatus grow bigger. The latter prefers rocky bottom streams, and has fully webbed toes (not fully webbed, usually three phalanges free of web on fourth toe; and preference for muddy habitats in hikidai)

This species lives along the edges of small, slow soft-bottom streams in swampy areas. It appears to be restricted to low elevations below 500 m asl. The call is a single note and resembles a duck’s call.

At the current state of our knowledge, genetic methods are the only option to identify laticeps tadpoles. Currently, we do not have solid enough evidence to present images of L. hikidai tadpoles. 

In general, the details of its reproductive biology have not been studied in detail. Males call from small streams with soft bottom, most of the time sitting in shallow water, often from under leaf litter in or near the stream. According to Inger (1960) clutch size is 20-45.

 

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  • 16.06.2025

    updated information