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Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Hylarana raniceps

This lowland species is frequently observed around forest ponds, clearing edges, and along streams, breeding in stagnant pools along riverbanks. Tadpoles tend to occupy more exposed and less secretive sites than other species. Extensive skin glands may deter predators. They spend most of their time foraging along the bottom but may feed on submerged vegetation or on algal growth along twigs in the water column.
  • Family:
    Ranidae
  • Genus:
    Hylarana
  • Ecomorph:
    exotrophic, lentic
  • Waterbody Type:
    stagnant
  • Water Column:
    bottom
  • Feeding Type:
    feeding, generalist
  • Size:
    48 mm
  • Development:
    larva, tadpole
  • Adult:
    Hylarana

Coloration

Dorsal body and tail ocher-yellow to mid-brown, darker during the day and lighter at night; the trunk often darker than the head. Dark markings typically include blotches or bands on the lateral face of the head and trunk: below the nostril, below the eye, and dorsoventrally across the gill region and flanks. Nostril may be embedded in a small dark spot. Opposing dark V- or W-shaped markings sometimes occur between the eyes. Dorsal skin gland clusters may be embedded in darker pigmentation. These dark markings can be absent in some populations. Iridocytes lightly dust the cheek and flank. Pigmentation lightens along the tail and toward the fins; the tail lacks distinct dark markings. Ventral skin mostly transparent; anterior abdomen and heart and gill regions may bear clusters of silvery iridocytes. Ventral head skin translucent or semitransparent with fine melanocyte stippling; gills and heart visible, heart with a small iridocyte patch. The oral disc is finely stippled with melanocytes and oral papillae bear clusters of melanocytes.

Snout

Tapering and relatively narrowly rounded in dorsal view. In lateral view, moderately long and sloping downward with slight convex curvature. Area posterior to the nostril forms a weak bump in profile.

Oral Disc

Anteroventral. Upper and lower lips separated by a clear emargination. Marginal papillae present along the disc margin except for a broad medial gap on the upper lip. Submarginal papillae in two dense rows. Upper lip with short, rounded marginal papillae; lower lip with several long, fingerlike papillae, spaced with a medial gap. Beaks well keratinized but moderately thick and undivided; jaw edges finely serrated. Upper beak broadly and shallowly arched, flat medially; lower beak shallowly V-shaped. LTRF 4(2–4)/3.

Body

Oblong-oval in dorsal view, slightly constricted behind the gill region; widest at the gill level. Snout tapering. Body moderately dorsoventrally depressed. Spiracle sinistral, opening posteriorly into a short free tube, positioned below mid-body in lateral view. Lateral line organs visible but usually indistinct. Dorsal skin gland patches above the gill region and on the upper trunk flank, sometimes confluent. Lungs may appear as a stretch of bubbles beneath the upper flank gland field. Conspicuous oblong gland bands present along the lateral abdomen; two round patches on the buccal region.

Eyes & Nostrils

Eyes dorsolateral. Nostrils small, closer to the snout than to eyes, oriented anterolaterally. Orbitonasal streak indistinct. Golden, sometimes coppery or orange ring around the pupil; iris periphery black. Sclera stippled with silvery iridophores.

Tail

Approximately 65–67% of total length. Muscular portion moderately strong, less than body height. Upper fin starts slightly posterior to the trunk-tail junction; both fins moderately arched, upper fin higher than lower. Fins taper to a narrowly rounded tip in the posterior third. Lateral tail vein visible in the first third; myosepta visible in posterior tail musculature.

Similar Species

See comments for Hylarana megalonesa

Literature

Males call from low vegetation or twigs, close to or above the water, at ponds or other suitable bodies of standing water. Occasionally larger congregations have been recorded in some nights. Series of clicking notes are produced in rapid succession.
Inger, R.F. (1985) Tadpoles of the forested regions of Borneo. Fieldiana Zoology new series 26, 1–89. [for P. signata].

Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B., Grafe, T.U., Dehling, J.M. (2017) A field guide to the frogs of Borneo. 3rd ed. Natural History Books, Kota Kinabalu. 228 pp.