
Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo
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Leptomantis rufipes
Leptomantis rufipes tadpoles were observed in kerangas forests (heath forests) in a small pool formed by an uprooted tree. Tadpoles hovered at the surface at night. The water was tea-colored and peaty. Leaf litter and a thick layer of decomposing plant matter formed the bottom of the pool.
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Family:Rhacophoridae
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Genus:Leptomantis
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Ecomorph:exotrophic, lentic
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Waterbody Type:stagnant
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Water Column:mid-water to surface
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Feeding Type:feeding, generalist
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Size:25 mm
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Development:larva, tadpole
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Adult:Leptomantis
Coloration
Gray dorsally with diffuse pigmentation and no sharply defined spots or blotches. The gray background has a slight olive tint on the head and trunk. Coloration is darkest along the abdominal cavity in dorsal and lateral views. Red gills visible through the skin laterally and ventrally. Few iridocytes appear in light blue or gold, scattered between the eye and spiracle, along the spiracular tube, on the lower cheek, and on the snout near the oral disc. Trunk pigmentation extends seamlessly onto the muscular tail. Tail fins mostly clear, except for the base of the upper fin and distal base of the lower fin. Ventral skin mostly transparent and slightly iridescent, with dark gut coil, red heart, and gills clearly visible. Small silvery iridophore area may be present posterior to heart near anterior gut.
Snout
Rounded and slightly tapering in dorsal view. Laterally, snout relatively long, rounded, with smooth convex profile.
Oral Disc
Subterminal. Marginal papillae present on lower lip and lateral parts of upper lip. Wide area of upper lip devoid of papillae. Marginal papillae arranged biserially on lower lip. Lateral part of upper lip bears a uniserial row of marginal papillae plus a short submarginal row. Papillae short, blunt, and adjoining. Emarginations between upper and lower lip present. LTRF 4(2–4)/3 or 5(2–5)/3; if present, fifth upper lip row very short. Peripheral keratodont rows long, extending far laterally on both lips. Beaks well keratinized, moderately strong, with sharp serrations along edges. Upper beak broadly and smoothly arched, lower jaw robust and bluntly V-shaped.
Body
Depressed ovoid laterally, tapering toward snout. Dorsal contour oval to slightly inverted pear-shaped with shallow constriction posterior to gill region. Body widest at gill region (posterior to eyes) in dorsal view. Spiracle sinistral, opening posterolaterally and below the longitudinal body axis. Medial part of spiracular orifice attached to abdominal wall.
Eyes & Nostrils
Eyes dorsolateral. Nostril closer to snout than to eyes, oriented anterolaterally. Iris black with densely scattered golden and coppery iridocytes. Iridocytes around pupil fused to form a narrow ring.
Tail
Moderately strong, approximately two thirds of total length. Tail shape moderately arched in lateral view. Tail fins taper in posterior two thirds with straight edges to a narrow, pointed tip; no flagellum is formed. Muscular part of tail moderately high, approximately half of body height. Upper fin starts at trunk-tail junction, lower fin connects broadly to the trunk. Maximum height of tail at a level anterior to midpoint of tail.
Similar Species
Leptomantis rufipes tadpoles superficially resemble Rhacophorus pardalis or R. borneensis in body shape, but differ in coloration, size, and oral disc features. Tadpoles are rarely encountered; adult presence at a site warrants closer inspection of nearby pools for tadpoles. See comments for L. fasciatus.
Literature
Occasionally small groups of males have been seen gathering 13 m high on vegetation around breeding ponds. The species seems to have unpredictable bursts of breeding activity. Mating pairs produce foam nests attached to leaves overhanging water. The call consists of two short clicks, often followed by a short much lower trill.
Haas, A, Hertwig, S.T., Krings, W., Braskamp, E., Dehling, J.M., Pui, Y.M., Das, I. (2012) Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo). Zootaxa 3328: 1–19.
Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B., Grafe, T.U., Dehling, J.M. (2017) A field guide to the frogs of Borneo. 3rd ed. Natural History Books, Kota Kinabalu. 228 pp.
Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B., Grafe, T.U., Dehling, J.M. (2017) A field guide to the frogs of Borneo. 3rd ed. Natural History Books, Kota Kinabalu. 228 pp.