
Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo
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Leptomantis harrisoni
Tree holes or other pocket structures in tree trunks, anastomosing buttresses, and branches are the natural habitat for Leptomantis harrisoni tadpoles. They have been reported from tree phytotelmata at 0.15–4 m above ground. Breeding possibly occurs higher in the canopy, but this has not been confirmed. A 1–2 liter phytotelma can hold a relatively large number of tadpoles, possibly more than it can provide food for. The presence of ingested eggs in some tadpoles suggests that they are at least facultative egg-eaters (oophagous).
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Family:Rhacophoridae
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Genus:Leptomantis
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Ecomorph:exotrophic, lentic, phytotelma specialist
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Waterbody Type:stagnant
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Water Column:bottom
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Feeding Type:feeding, generalist, oophagous
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Size:41 mm
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Development:larva, tadpole
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Adult:Leptomantis
Coloration
Uniformly light brown to dark brown or black dorsally, with more advanced tadpoles darker. The body is darker than the tail, and markings are absent. Body pigmentation continues onto the tail, lightening distally. Tail fins are well pigmented and brown. Ventral body surface is pigmented but less intensely than dorsal surface, with inner organs faintly visible through the skin. In ventral view, extreme closeups reveal long, thin melanocytes forming a conspicuous crosshatching pattern mixed with irregular dot-like melanocytes. As in other rhacophorid tadpoles, the anterior abdomen (gut coil) may bear a patch of iridocytes, though it may be obscured in advanced stages due to dense melanocytes. Oral disc bears melanocytes at its base.
Snout
Tapering and rounded in dorsal view. Moderately long and sloping with convex contour in lateral view.
Oral Disc
Anteroventral. Marginal papillae present on the lower lip and lateral parts of the upper lip. Upper lip has a broad gap in papillation, while the lower lip gap may be so narrow that it appears continuous. Marginal papillae arranged biserially on the lower lip. Lateral upper lip bears a marginal row plus a submarginal row of papillae. Papillae short and blunt. Emarginations present between upper and lower lips. Labial Tooth Row Formula (LTRF) 4(2–4)/3 or 5(2–5)/3. Peripheral keratodont rows span most of upper and lower lips. Beaks strong and well keratinized, with sharp serrations along jaw edges. Upper beak broadly arched; lower jaw flat V-shaped.
Body
Depressed ovoid in lateral view, tapering to the snout. Dorsal contour ovoid, with minimal constriction between head and trunk depending on feeding status. Body widest at the gill region. Spiracle sinistral, opening posterolaterally, positioned low, well below longitudinal body axis. Medial part of spiracular orifice free from abdominal wall, forming a short free spiracular tube.
Eyes & Nostrils
Eyes dorsolateral. Nostril moderately sized, closer to snout than to eyes in dorsal view, oriented anterolaterally, rimmed, and slightly sunken. Iris black with loosely scattered golden or coppery pigment cells. Around the pupil, iridocytes form a narrow, broken golden ring. Remaining eyeball black, densely stippled with silver/gold iridocytes.
Tail
Strong and long, approximately 69–71% of total length. Muscular part robust and high. Upper fin originates at trunk-tail junction, with a nearly straight profile. At about 75% of tail length, upper and lower fins converge in straight lines to a narrowly rounded tip. Muscular part of tail strong and high. Maximum tail height occurs at or just posterior to mid-tail. Lateral tail vein indistinct or invisible due to heavy pigmentation.
Similar Species
Leptomantis harrisoni tadpoles are distinct due to their phytotelma habitat, relatively large size, and uniformly dark body color. In the field, they could be compared with Nyctixalus pictus, which may occupy similar phytotelmata, but differs in body shape and tail fin morphology.
Literature
The mating pair builds a foam nest immediately above the water at the phytotelma. The foam nest is attached to the tree's trunk. The tadpoles hatch from the nest and glide into the water of the phytotelma. Females have been seen around phytotelmata that already held a swarm of tadpoles, suggesting that the tadpoles were fed with eggs produced by the female from time to time. More research is needed to elucidate details of this behavior.
Inger, R.F. (1985) Tadpoles of the forested regions of Borneo. Fieldiana Zoology new series 26: 1–89.
Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B., Grafe, T.U., Dehling, J.M. (2017) A field guide to the frogs of Borneo. 3rd ed. Natural History Books, Kota Kinabalu. 228 pp.
Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B., Grafe, T.U., Dehling, J.M. (2017) A field guide to the frogs of Borneo. 3rd ed. Natural History Books, Kota Kinabalu. 228 pp.